The Increase of Teenage Pregnancy Essay example - 1337 Words

The Increase of Teenage Pregnancy Teenage parenthood is by no means a new social phenomenon. Historically, women have tended to begin childbearing during their teens and early twenties. During the past two decades the U. S. teenage birthrate has actually declined (Polit and others, 1982). In the late 1950s, 90 out of 1000 women under 20 gave birth as compared with 52 out of 1000 in 1978. Several factors contribute to the current attention focused on teenage pregnancy and parenthood. There is currently a large number of young women in the 13 to 19 age range, so that while the birthrates are declining, the absolute number of teenagers is increasing. These statistics do not distinguish between intentional and unintentional†¦show more content†¦Out of Wedlock Births Although slowed because of the availability of legal abortion, the rise in the out-of-wedlock birthrate has continued among almost all groups of teenagers. The rise has been steepest among 15- to 17-year-old whites. The number of premaritally conceived births legitimated by marriage has been Adoption and Care by Others. Almost all unwed teenage mothers keep their children in the household with them. Ninety-six percent of unmarried teenage mothers—90 percent of white and virtually all of black mothers—keep their children with them (although in many cases, grandparents or other relatives help take care of the baby). Repeated Unintentional Pregnancies As might be expected, 78 percent of births to teenagers are first births. However, 19 percent are second births, and four percent are third or higher order births. The sooner a teenager gives birth after initiation of intercourse, the more likely she is to have subsequent births while still in her teens. Teenage Contraception Reasons for Nonuse Nearly two-thirds of unwed teenage women report that they never practice contraception or that they use a method inconsistently. According to the Guttmacher Institute (Teenage Pregnancy, 1981), only nine percent of unmarried teenagers surveyed said that they did not use a method of contraception because they were trying to become pregnant orShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Teen Pregnancy1254 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Pregnancy Introduction Teenage pregnancy in the U.S is a major issue given the number of teens between age 15 and 19 years giving birth. The average teen pregnancy rate in America is about 57 per 1000 teens in 2010 (Knox 1). This has decreased to about 47 per 1000 teens, but at the state level, some states such as Texas have higher averages. Currently, the state of Texas recorded a rate of 73 teenage pregnancies per 1000 females aged between 15 and 19 years (Sayegh et al. 95). The main causeRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay772 Words   |  4 Pageschildhood experiences create risk factors that can impact teenage pregnancy? The answer is multifaceted and complex, but an important consequence of teenage pregnancy is to the baby itself. Children of teenage mothers have more health issues, are more likely to be abused, be less educated, and more likely to become criminals (Hillis, et al., 2004, p. 2). Moreover, because teenage mothers are poorer and have less emotional support, children of teenage mothers a re more likely to be abused both physicallyRead MoreEssay on British Pregnancy and Condoms799 Words   |  4 Pages The number of pregnancies across England and Wales, conceptions compared with 896,466 in 2009. An increase of this group with the exception of women aged under twenty. The teenage pregnancy rate in England and Wales has reached its lowest level since 1969,men and women of these countries hold a similar opinion, â€Å" Family may also be valued more highly during to be out of work, they may have more time to spend on a child due to financial concerns cause by recession.† According to most of BritainRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageswhat most people say, or think, when they hear about the pregnancy of an adolescent girl. Early pregnancy, commonly referred to as teenage pregnancy, is an ongoing crisis throughout the world. However, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the world. Since its peak in 1990, teen pregnancy rates have declined by half, but they are still fairly high. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, â€Å"roughly one in four teens girls in the U.S. will getRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is A Public Health Issue1637 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage birth rates, defined as live births per one thousand 15-19-year-old US females, declined by 10% from 2012 to 2013 from 29.4 to 26.5. In fact, the birth rate has been on a steady decline over the past 20 years, from 61.8 in 1991 to 26.5 in 2013. Teenage pregnancy represents both a health and social inequality in our society. Specifically, teenage childbearing is a public health issue because teenage mothers are more likely to experience negative social outcomes such as dropping out of schoolRead MoreC hildhood Victimization And Subsequent Risk For Promiscuity, Prostitution, And Pregnancy Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesoperationalized (defined and measured). The research problem in Childhood Victimization and Subsequent Risk for Promiscuity, Prostitution, and Teenage Pregnancy: A Prospective Study, is one in which abused children were examined over a period of time to find to correlation between abuse and or neglect as it relates to the risk for their promiscuity, prostitution, and pregnancy (Spatz Kuhms, 1996). The particular design of this study was a prospective cohort style which in sense is a study that is conductedRead MoreMotherhood and Pregnancy1429 Words   |  6 Pagesmother victorious in her life. In this modern world women’s attitude against pregnancy and being a mother is changing accordingly. There occurs so many miscarriages and maternal death during the pregnancy. A woman should be physically, and more over mentally set to have a baby in her womb. Considering the biological fitness of health it’s said that safer age to be get pregnant is in between 20 to 29. Early pregnancy in the teenage age of 13 to 20 and the delayed motherhood age after 35 is challenging toRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesteen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about th eir dreams of happy marriage, and become mothers at very early age. College is almost always out of the question, graduating High School becomes a goal most teenage moms don t achieve. Young girls having babies isn t new, as a matter of fact, teenage parenthoodRead MoreThe Importance of Comprehensive Sex Education to Decrease Teen Pregnancies894 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States today, many teenage girls are facing lots of problems. New problems are rising such as an increased pregnancy rate among teenagers. Our teenage girls are less developed and unprepared for the problems which come along with their decision to have sex. It is also too early for teenage girls to become pregnant. Many teens think having a baby is some sort of joke. They believe it will never happen to them but the reality is that every time teens have sex, there is a possibility

What´s Working Memory - 2002 Words

Working memory refers to the retention of many items in a short period of time and it is responsible for storing them temporarily. Language comprehension, learning, and reasoning are all involved in working memory. Working memory is important in our everyday lives because without it we would not be able to hold on to the information long enough to do a given task. Problems with working memory could impact how we learn, writing, problem solving, math and even reading would be very difficult. Working memory is divided into three categories: the central executive, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the phonological loop. During the past few years there has been research on this subject and questions about it. In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Muti-store model. This model said that memory was separated into a sensory register, a short-term store, and a long-term store. In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed a model of working memory because they thought that the multi-store model was too simple. Baddeley and Hitch wanted to see if people could use different parts of their working memory at the same time. In 1989 Turner and Engle used the operational span task, which is a widely used measure of working memory capacity to see if people could remember many different items at once. All of these researchers had their own findings about working memory. In the end researchers have explain what working memory is and they have also come up with research and evidence about thisShow MoreRelatedHow Does Memory Work Before Talking About What Goes Wrong?1273 Words   |  6 Pagesof the simplest things that it does is memory. To stop and think about what is memory and how does it work? What happens when something goes wrong and the brain cannot remember? How does a person live day to day without a memory? How does memory work before talking about what goes wrong? To begin with memory like everything else in the body there is a process that occurs; first it goes through encoding, storage, and retrieval.(This is the process of memory, each are very important and it is amazingRead MoreThe Effects Of Anxiety Disorders And Situational Anxiety On Short Term Working Memory1651 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: This research paper summarizes the results of three academic articles exploring the effects of anxiety disorders, and situational anxiety on short term working memory. These three articles all used different methods in attempt to connect anxiety with working memory performance. To summarize, these studies attempt to answer the question of whether or not an attentional bias toward threatening (anxiety triggering) exposure or conditions, causes a greater susceptibility to distraction andRead MoreEvaluate the Working Memory Model1310 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the Working Memory Introduction Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images, ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of memory systems and can be divided into subclasses. TheRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesfor being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. This surgery was done, however instead of fixing his epilepsy, it damaged his short term memory, yet he still had his long term memory intact. In the multi-store model it states that in order to have long term memory, one needs to have gone through theRead MoreMemory And Its Impact On Our Lives1373 Words   |  6 PagesMemory makes us. It is, to an extent, a collection of unique and personal experiences that we, as individuals, have amassed over our lifetime. It is what connects us to our past and what shapes our present and the future. If we are unable remember the what, when, where, and who of our everyday lives, our level of functioning would be greatly impacted. Memory is defined as or recognized as the â€Å"sum or total of what we remember.† Memory provides us the ability to learn and adjust to or from priorRead MoreMemory Processses Essay examples1268 Words   |  6 PagesMemory Processes The human capacity for memory is unknown, and the process for remembering is an invisible, and therefore, an unsubstantiated concept. A discussion regarding the concepts of short-term, working, and long-term memory precedes an explanation of the encoding and retrieval in the memory processes. An evaluation of the variables associated with encoding and retrieval provides an understanding of the results from an online self-administered memory test. Although online memory assessmentsRead MoreThe Disadvantages Of The Bilingual Advantage929 Words   |  4 Pagessomething incredibly beneficial for the brain. Informed by philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein’s quote, â€Å"the limits of my language mean the limits of my world,† Maria Konnikova writes in The New Yorker (2015), â€Å"The words that we have at our disposal affect what we see—and the more words there are, the better our perception. When we learn to speak a different language, we learn to see a bigger world.â €  Putting that phenomenon in to more scientific terms, scientists at the Academy of Finland (2009) say â€Å"thereRead MoreLearning Theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism And E Learning1546 Words   |  7 Pagesthat learning is a change in noticeable behavior created by external stimuli in the environment. Behaviorists guarantee that it is the recognizable behavior that shows regardless of whether the learner has scholarly something, and not what is going on in the learner s head. On the other hand, most human behavior is more mind boggling. All things considered behaviorists have exhibited in labs that it is conceivable to fortify through prize or discipline the relationship between any specific boost orRead MoreThe Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model1278 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works. The multi-store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This modelRead MoreHow Intelligence Did Not Have A Better Effective Working Memory?981 Words   |  4 PagesHypothesis: People who are highly intelligent are more likely to have a more effective working memory. 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Identifying Service Management Excellence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Identifying Service Management Excellence. Answer: Excellence in service delivery is not just about a positive and friendly front desk team. The clients perspective is influenced by the organizations customer orientation, standards and performance measures. Johnstone and Clark (2008) maintained that service excellence is primarily not concerned with exceeding the clients expectations but with delivering services as promised while tackling any obstacles and problems that arise in the process of service delivery.Maintaining a service excellence culture will ultimately help any organization reduce customer complaints, improve team performance and facilitate a fulfilling yet dynamic working environment.Service management can be described as the practices or activities aimed at designing, delivering, monitoring, and evaluating the service in an attempt to improve the service continuously. Customers and clients expect delivery of high-quality services that are secure, reliable, accurate, timely and easy to access (Fitzsimmons, Fitzsimmons, and Bordoloi, 2008).An effective framework contributes towards delivering value for money, promote stakeholders confidence, facilitate high customer satisfaction, and even ensure the achievement of the organizations goals and objectives.The core key drivers of any service delivery organization are low cost, consistency, and speed of delivery. McDonalds is a multi-national foodservice retailer with over 4 million employees located in over 100 countries. Restaurants under the Mcdonalds brand are operated and owned by local entrepreneurs through franchising. The restaurant chain operates under an organizational structure focused around market segments with similarities. This report aims to identify and discuss examples of practices in McDonalds that contribute towards servicemanagement excellence. Design of the Service and the Service Delivery Process The first step in servicemanagement excellence is to manage the design and service delivery process. It is important to determine how the service is going to be delivered, processes that will be used to deliver the service, workforce, and equipment.For excellence in the design and delivery of these services, it is necessary for an organization to have an effective servicemanagement framework in place. It is for this reason that McDonalds took time to invest in a workflow and processes that fit into their service delivery objectives.McDonalds restaurants have a comprehensive and standardized service design with clearly defined responsibilities, roles, and procedures under an efficient equipment and facility layout. This service delivery system aims to be customer-oriented, maintain operational efficiency, facilitate a service excellence culture, and produce predictable outcomes that assist in thedelivery ofhigh-quality services in a competitive market. The design of McDonalds service process portrays the restaurants service management excellence. With its large customer base, McDonalds acknowledges the importance of face-to-face customer interactions in their restaurants and drive-thrus.To achieve customer satisfaction, the restaurant has proven to be flexible and efficient through its customized services. Services by MacDonalds are designed to provide operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. To achieve operational efficiency and maintain a competitive advantage, McDonalds provides low-cost services to its customers while aligning its process to enhance customer satisfaction(Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2010). To cut costs and reduce wastage, the restaurant utilizes a Just In Time (JIT) inventory system (Stevenson and Hojati, 2007). Under this system, food is preparedonly after a customer has placed an order. With a well-trained and dedicated workforce, McDonalds ensure a fast process through defined roles and responsibil ities. There are employees solely responsible for taking orders, another to prepare the order and an employee to package the order ready for delivery to the customer. Additionally, McDonalds supports and invests in initiatives to adapt its services and products to different locales to ensure theexpansion of its global brand. To achieve a customer-oriented service design that focuses on the clients needs and feedback, the fast food giant ensures their services are easily accessible through drive-thrus, walk-in restaurants, and an online delivery service system. In addition to the readily available services, the process is designed toprovide a satisfactory waiting time. Thisis achieved by minimising idle time at cash registers, fast moving queues, and efficient order preparation. McDonalds also recognizes the importance of facilitating a positive outcome in customer satisfaction. Customers either get what they need or the restaurant staff helps them understand why they cannot get the service. Furthermore, through their training programs, the retailer ensures its employees maintain professionalism. Thisis achieved through employees who are polite, respectful to the customers they serve, and knowledgeable in their respective roles and responsibilities.All these service delivery process initiative contribute towards cultivating a service management excellence culture in MacDonalds. Service Quality The ability to receive high-quality standardized service in any of the over 36000 MacDonalds outlets is among the restaurants main values in maintaining customer confidence. MacDonalds has undertaken broad initiatives to ensure consistency in the quality of its service all over the world. To ensure service quality in the franchise, the company requires all prospective franchisees to be well versed in their procedures and standards. The franchisees are exposed to a strict interview and training program at Hamburger University to make sure they are capable of providing the standardized services consistently. MacDonalds then selects only the capable and highly motivated applicants. Furthermore, all service delivery equipment can only be purchased from suppliers that the company has directly authorized. In addition to standardizing its operations, MacDonalds ensure service quality by training its employees on client service skills. The customer experience often determines the quality of services. To facilitate service quality, MacDonalds trains its employees on how to effectively interact with the employees. By maintainingits service quality, the company gives us an example of service management excellence. Managing People In the service industry, it is important to ensure the workforce is happy and dedicated to the organization. Satisfied employees will provide better customer experience and hence improve the organizations performance (Lazaroiu, 2015). Knowledgeable and happy employees mean satisfied and happy customers.This largely contributes towards attaining service excellence. To achieve their growth objective, McDonalds has been pushing for a better employee experience in a bid to improve its customer service delivery. Customer satisfaction has greatly contributed to McDonalds recent growth in sales. To achieve customer satisfaction, the fast food giant enforced initiatives to improve employeeexperience by providing better pay and ensuring better employee training and practices. Better pay Although emotional and intellectual satisfaction is important for employee satisfaction, it is crucial to recognize that money is the main reason that people work. An organization should strategically determine employee compensation in a cost-effective manner that will benefit both the organization and the employee (Landers and Callan, 2011). Among the ways that an organization can maintain a loyal and happy workforce dedicated to service, excellence is by increasing their wages. A better employee experience will be achieved through better retention and productivity as a result of happy employees who have a reason to stay and are highly motivated (Nohria, Groysberg and Lee, 2008). McDonalds has shown dedication to increase wages at astore owned by the company and to lift hourly pay. In addition to increasingwages, the retailer gave its employees the chance to go on paid vacations. The result of this service management initiative was a declining turnover rate. This meant that employee s were more loyal and happier to work at McDonalds.The improved human capital and better customer experience represent service management excellence achieved by McDonalds. Better employee training and practices Apart from loyalty and happiness, an organization can improve its performance by strengthening employee training and improving its processes. As customer expectations, market conditions and business objectives change, processes and staff need to evolve in accordance with the changes (Kotey and Folker, 2007). The training seeks to identify strengths and solve weaknesses from the employee and customers perspective.Thiswill, in turn, help the organization the quest to achieve its objectives. Over the past years, McDonalds has embarked on improving both its processes and employee training. The retailer introduced a drive-thru order approach dubbed ask, ask, tell to ensure customers received the correct order. This was an initiative as a result of complaints by customers against their order accuracy. The result was a faster delivery system with fewer frustrated and dissatisfied customers. In addition to process improvement, McDonalds went on to empower its employees with the necessary too ls to make the most of every employee-customer interaction. Both of these strategies portrayed McDonalds service management excellence. Customer Relationship Marketing According to Oly Ndubisi (2007), customer relationship marketing (CRM) is a process through which marketing activities and strategies build brand value, customer loyalty, and client relationships. When it comes to achieving service excellencein today's competitive and technological market, the end user of the service is no longer an afterthought. The relationship between an organization and its clients has evolved thanks to increased competition, social networks and changes in the customers buying power. Service has to be value-adding and proactive.CRM, therefore, helps businesses establish long-term relationships with their clients and customers while achieving their business goals and objectives (Leverin and Liljander, 2006). In relation to CRM, service management excellence is evident in MacDonalds through their brand loyalty. As a leading fast-food brand, the company has managed to win the hearts of a lot of its customers. MacDonalds main strategy is to retain their customers and build a long-term relationship as emphasized by their Im loving it slogan. The fast-food restaurant chain promises its customersvalue for their money and quality services.To maintain its customer relationships, the company provides the same quality of services across all its outlets.Moreover, MacDonalds adapts its menus to the local cultural and consumer trends (Kiddon and Light, 2009). The restaurant has menus tailored for kids, low-cost meals, and even for customers with health and diet concerns. Regarding geographic regions, MacDonalds puts into consideration the prevailing culture such as scrapping pork items from menus in Muslim nations and beef in India outlets. With the advent of the internet and social media, a large nu mber of consumers expect to have access information and services of a company easily. Such consumers can influence servicedelivery of a company through posts, blogs, and reviews. To enhance their customer relationship marketing, MacDonalds applies a user engagement approach for their e-services. This strategy ensures that customers of MacDonalds are aware of the online services available and using them effectively. Demand and Capacity Management Capacity management is the process of setting effective operational capacityto respond to demand promptly. The management must determine the kind of capacity needed, quantity needed and when it is needed (Jammernegg and Reiner, 2007). With the fluctuating demandcharacterizing the fast food service industry, MacDonalds must put effective capacity planning and management measures.This is because a mismatch between the demand from customers and the capacity of an organization will result in either unfulfilled customers or under-utilized resources (Gmach et al., 2007). MacDonalds has demonstrated a commitment to increase its capacity by making initiatives to improve their operational techniques, increase their workforce, acquire new equipment and establish new production facilities. This growth has been driven by the ever-growing customer base and demand for new product varieties. In its demand and capacity management initiative, the company uses a lead strategy by increasing its production capacity in anticipation of increased demand. This demonstrates service management excellence in the MacDonalds food chain. Service Communications MacDonalds uses a variety of platforms to communicate its products and services to their customer base and clients.Their service communication and promotional initiatives concentrate on customer experience, convenience, nutrition, menu choices, food taste, quality, and value for money. This has resulted in various viral marketing campaigns among their target audiences. Due to their strong international presence, the fast food restaurant chain pays keen attention to their service communication (Bolan and Williams, 2008). The information they provide is tailored to meet the consumer preferences of different clients all over the world. As noted earlier,MacDonalds user engagement approach for their e-services also helps in the companys service communication by making their customers aware of the online services available and how to use them effectively. In recent years, MacDonalds has been active in their social media service communication presence.Information on their services, products and recent improvements and innovations is easily accessible through their website and social media accounts.With millions of likes and followers in their facebook and twitter accounts respectively, MacDonalds demonstrates its service management excellence in communicating their services. Performance Measurement Raith (2008) defines performance measurement a process of accumulating and utilizing data related to an organization or individuals in the organization.Organizations enforce performance measure to track their progress and ensure they meet the pre-set goals and objectives (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). The main areas of performance measurement are administrative, marketing and sales, suppliers, research and development, human resources, and most importantly customers. MacDonalds specifically uses efficiency measures, output or workload measures, and outcome measures to measure the organizations general performance.Output and efficiency in MacDonalds are measured through analysis, management, and improvement of the supply chain. Measuring of the supply chain requires MacDonalds to monitor its supply chain logistics. Effectiveness measurementor outcome measures include point-of-sale information collection and tracking online consumer habits. At MacDonalds, the manager incharge of c ustomer relations collects information on customer satisfaction through activities and processes such as a client feedback system. The manager is then given the responsibility to take measures to improve operational performance and enhance a positive customer satisfaction feedback. After measuring the performance of their services, the final step in MacDonalds service delivery process is monitoring and evaluation. All systems must be running smoothly and in good quality. MacDonalds monitors its services based on the service delivery time, speed and knowledgeability when dealing with complaints, theaccuracy of drive-thru delivery service, and the quality of products and services (Stem et al., 2005). MacDonalds, therefore, provides us with an ideal example of service management excellence. In conclusion,to achieve service management excellence through a low-cost, consistent and speedy system, we must first design theserequirements into the service delivery system. For a company to poses service management excellence, it must enhance relevant initiatives to ensure high-quality services, a happy workforce, capacity management, customer-focused marketing and communication services and finally have an effective monitoring and evaluation framework to ensure its objectives are achieved. References Babakus, E., Yavas, U., Karatepe, O.M. and Avci, T., 2003. The effect of management commitment to service quality on employees' affective and performance outcomes.Journal of the Academy of marketing Science,31(3), pp.272-286. Bolan, P. and Williams, L., 2008. The role of image in service promotion: focusing on the influence of film on consumer choice within tourism.International Journal of Consumer Studies,32(4), pp.382-390. Corporate.mcdonalds.com. (2017). Company Overview Segment Information :: McDonalds. [online] Available at: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/investors/company-overview/company-overview-segment-information.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Gmach, D., Rolia, J., Cherkasova, L. and Kemper, A., 2007, July. Capacity management and demand prediction for next generation data centers. InWeb Services, 2007. ICWS 2007. IEEE International Conference on(pp. 43-50). IEEE. Grnroos, C., 2007.Service management and marketing: customer management in service competition. John Wiley Sons. Jammernegg, W. and Reiner, G., 2007. Performance improvement of supply chain processes by coordinated inventory and capacity management.International Journal of Production Economics,108(1), pp.183-190. Johnston, R. and Clark, G., 2008.Service operations management: improving service delivery. Pearson Education. Kiddon, J. and Light, L., 2009.Six Rules for Brand Revitalization: Learn how Companies Like McDonald's Can Re-energize Their Brands. Wharton School Publishing. Kotey, B. and Folker, C., 2007. Employee training in SMEs: Effect of size and firm typeFamily and nonfamily.Journal of Small Business Management,45(2), pp.214-238. Nohria, N., Groysberg, B. and Lee, L.E., 2008. Employee motivation.harvard business review,86(7/8), pp.78-84. Landers, R.N. and Callan, R.C., 2011. Casual social games as serious games: The psychology of gamification in undergraduate education and employee training. InSerious games and edutainment applications(pp. 399-423). Springer London. Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Leverin, A. and Liljander, V., 2006. Does relationship marketing improve customer relationship satisfaction and loyalty?.International journal of bank marketing,24(4), pp.232-251. Merchant, K.A. and Van der Stede, W.A., 2007.Management control systems: performance measurement, evaluation and incentives. Pearson Education. Oly Ndubisi, N., 2007. Relationship marketing and customer loyalty.Marketing intelligence planning,25(1), pp.98-106. Raith, M., 2008. Specific knowledge and performance measurement.The RAND Journal of Economics,39(4), pp.1059-1079. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R., 2010.Operations management. Pearson education. SMITH, N. (2017). McDonald's Wage-Hike Experiment Pays Off For All. [online] courant.com. Available at: https://www.courant.com/opinion/op-ed/hc-op-wire-smith-companies-raising-minimum-wage-0320-20160318-story.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Stem, C., Margoluis, R., Salafsky, N. and Brown, M., 2005. Monitoring and evaluation in conservation: a review of trends and approaches.Conservation Biology,19(2), pp.295-309. Stevenson, W.J. and Hojati, M., 2007.Operations management(Vol. 8). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.